Temporal-spatial distribution,environmental significance and release risks of phosphorus in the sediments of a tropical mountain’s deep drinking water reservoir in southeastern China

In this study, the fractionation and distribution of phosphorus (P) in the core sediments of the Shanmei reservoir were investigated by using the chemical extraction method in directions for the first time in order to understand its bio-availability, adsorption characteristics, potential release and environmental significance. The results of the study showed that P in the sediments mainly consisted of inorganic phosphorus (IP) and that IP mainly consisted of non-apatite phosphorus (NAIP). The horizontal and temporal distributions of the P fractions were different from each other, but the vertical distribution was similar, which indicated a trend of stabilization after falling. The content of total phosphorus (TP), IP, organic phosphorus (OP), NAIP, apatite phosphorus (AP), and bio-available phosphorus (BAP) in the sediments during the three seasons ranged from 193.85 to 1664.05 mg·kg^?1, 126.90 to 1127.70 mg·kg^?1, 43.74 to 669.29 mg·kg^?1, 57.62 to 937.07 mg·kg^?1, 32.58 to 250.71 mg·kg^?1, and 41.06 to 871.82 mg·kg^?1, respectively. NAIP contents in the sediments accounted for more than 50% of TP. Using an analysis from three aspects, the eutrophication risk index (ERI) could be used to assess the potential release of P in the sediments, and there was a high release risk of P in the sediments in the Shanmei reservoir.     

广东省大中型供水水库营养现状及浮游生物的响应

于2000年调查了广东省18座大中型供水水库的水质现状并探讨了浮游生物对营养水平的响应。总氮、总磷、透明度和叶绿素a分别为0．15～7.15mg／L、0．003～0．387mg／L、0．4～6．3m和0．6～32．3ug／L。总氮、总磷、透明度均与叶绿素a呈较高的相关性。根据这4个因子的综合加权营养状态指数为23．7～55．1,季节差异不大,大多数水库处于中营养状态。金藻在中-富及富营养型水库中没有分布,而蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和甲藻在调查水库中均有比较广的营养生态位,但它们的密度及相对优势度在各营养型水库中有一定的差异。高营养水平水库有较高的细胞密度和叶绿素a含量。营养水平较低的水库浮游植物以硅藻-甲藻、硅藻-绿藻或金藻-硅藻为主;营养水平较高的水库以蓝藻-硅藻或蓝藻-绿藻为主,并有较高的裸藻密度。浮游动物基本上以桡足类为优势种群,但在中-富营养和富营养型水库中,哲水蚤种类比低营养型水库中少。枝角类优势种类在各营养型水库差别不大。轮虫对水体营养水平的响应相对比较显著。低营养水平水库的轮虫以广营养型、中营养型或寡中营养型种类为主,种类数目比较少;富营养和中-富营养型水库的轮虫以喜在中营养到富营养条件下生长的种类为主,且轮虫种类数目比较多。     

Influence of nutrient status and grazing pressure on the fate of Francisella tularensis in lake water

The natural reservoir of Francisella tularensis , the causative agent of tularaemia, is yet to be identified. We investigated the possibility that Francisella persists in natural aquatic ecosystems between outbreaks. It was hypothesized that nutrient-rich environments, with strong protozoan predation, favour the occurrence of the tularaemia bacterium. To investigate the differences in adaptation to aquatic environments of the species and subspecies of Francisella , we screened 23 strains for their ability to survive grazing by the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis . All the Francisella strains tested were consumed at a low rate, although significant differences between subspecies were found. The survival and virulence of gfp -labelled F. tularensis ssp. holarctica were then studied in a microcosm experiment using natural lake water, with varying food web complexities and nutrient availabilities. High nutrient conditions in combination with high abundances of nanoflagellates were found to favour F. tularensis ssp. holarctica . The bacterium was observed both free-living and within the cells of a nanoflagellate. Francisella tularensis entered a viable but nonculturable state during the microcosm experiment. When studied over a longer period of time, F. tularensis ssp. holarctica survived in the lake water, but loss of virulence was not prevented by either high nutrient availability or the presence of predators.     

不同土地利用/覆被情景下生态系统减轻水库泥沙淤积的服务能力与经济价值模拟

以ArcGIS9.2为平台,构建了生态系统减轻水库泥沙淤积服务物质量和价值量评估模型.整合2000年的相关数据将此模型应用于二滩水库,并模拟了10种不同土地利用/覆被情景下集水区生态系统该项服务的能力和在水库使用年限内服务总价值的响应.结果表明:2000年,二滩水库集水区土壤保持量12.1亿t·a-1,高值区分布于雅砻江干流和支流水网附近.泥沙输移比在河道附近和水库周边较高.水库周边是最为主要的保沙区.水库使用年限内,集水区对于减轻二滩水库泥沙淤积服务总价值27.53亿元.集水区内不同结构类型的土地利用/覆被情景对保沙能力所产生的影响各异,模拟保沙量符合林地＞草地＞裸地＞农田规律,农田保沙能力最弱,是二滩水库最为主要的产沙源.     

Asymmetric division of activated latently infected cells may explain the decay kinetics of the HIV-1 latent reservoir and intermittent viral blips

Most HIV-infected patients when treated with combination antiretroviral therapy achieve viral loads that are below the current limit of detection of standard assays after a few months. Despite this, virus eradication from the host has not been achieved. Latent, replication-competent HIV-1 can generally be identified in resting memory CD4⁺ T cells in patients with “undetectable” viral loads. Turnover of these cells is extremely slow but virus can be released from the latent reservoir quickly upon cessation of therapy. In addition, a number of patients experience transient episodes of viremia, or HIV-1 blips, even with suppression of the viral load to below the limit of detection for many years. The mechanisms underlying the slow decay of the latent reservoir and the occurrence of intermittent viral blips have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we address these two issues by developing a mathematical model that explores a hypothesis about latently infected cell activation. We propose that asymmetric division of latently infected cells upon sporadic antigen encounter may both replenish the latent reservoir and generate intermittent viral blips. Interestingly, we show that occasional replenishment of the latent reservoir induced by reactivation of latently infected cells may reconcile the differences between the divergent estimates of the half-life of the latent reservoir in the literature.     

Host physiological phenotype explains pathogen reservoir potential

Control of emerging infectious diseases often hinges on identifying a pathogen reservoir, the source of disease transmission. The potential to function as a pathogen reservoir can be influenced by host lifespan, geographic provenance and phylogeny. Yet, no study has identified factors that causally determine the reservoir potential of diverse host species. We propose the host physiological phenotype hypothesis, which predicts that hosts with short‐lived, poorly defended, nutrient rich and high metabolism tissue have greater values for three epidemiological parameters that determine reservoir potential: host susceptibility to infection, competence to infect vectors and ability to support vector populations. We experimentally tested these predictions using a generalist vectored virus and six wild grass species. Host physiological phenotype explained why hosts differed in all three epidemiological parameters while host lifespan, provenance and phylogeny could not explain host competence. Thus, a single, general axis describing variation in host physiological phenotype may explain reservoir potential.     

盐碱胁迫下西伯利亚蓼体内无机离子的变化

研究了碳酸氢钠溶液处理后西伯利亚蓼营养器官内部无机离子含量的变化。实验结果表明碳酸氢钠溶液处理前西伯利亚蓼茎部认为是“K+库”;碳酸氢钠溶液处理过程中“K+库”转变成为“Na+库”,以维持叶部的正常生理功能,并且“Na+库”具有一定的限度;碳酸氢钠溶液处理后,西伯利亚蓼不同部位对外界盐碱胁迫的反应存在多样性。植株在“Na+库”达到限度之前进行旺盛的光合作用,在有限的时间内向地下组织输送更多的有机养分,用以繁殖后代。     

南亚热带河流型水库浮游植物群落的季节变化：以广东飞来峡水库为例

于2003年4-12月调查了广东省飞来峡水库的水文、营养盐分布状况和浮游植物种类与数量,分析了浮游植物群落的种类及数量组成与动态特征,探讨了其动态变化的驱动因子。结果表明,飞来峡水库是一个典型的河流型大型水库,水力滞留时间短,年均值低于15 d;降雨量主要集中于夏季,最短水力滞留时间只有8 d。水温全年没有分层现象。丰水期营养盐和叶绿素a高于枯水期。浮游植物生物量低,细胞密度在21.7×103-808×103 cells L-1之间变化,没有超过106 cells L-1,叶绿素a的平均浓度为2μg L-1。浮游植物种类较多,4次采样共检到140种。种类组成上有较大变化,4月份有83种,以硅藻为主;7月和9月超过90种,以绿藻为主;12月有51种,蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻种类数量相当。优势种类的构成上与温带水库不同,硅藻仅在低水温时期为优势类群,而在丰水期则以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻共同占优势。硅藻的主要优势种是变异直链藻(Melosira varians)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella menighiniana)和针杆藻(Synedra spp.)。绿藻种类组成季节变化较大,没有明显的优势种类。丰度相对较高的有美丽胶网藻(Dictyosphaerium pulchellum)、集星藻(Actinastrum hantzschii)和空球藻(Eudorina elegans)等。蓝藻的优势种以粘球藻(Gloeocapsa sp.)、优美平列藻(Merismopedia elegans)和伪鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaena sp.)为主。与绿藻不同的是蓝藻的优势种在全年均可出现。隐藻只在水力滞留时间较长、温度较低的12月份占优势,主要优势种为啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)。     

褶纹冠蚌和背角无齿蚌对水体营养盐和浮游植物的影响

2009年5月31日-6月20日在广东省大沙河水库利用微型生态系统比较不同放养密度的褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)和背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对水体氮、磷及浮游植物的影响,探讨两种蚌在控制南亚热带水库富营养化水体藻类水华上的可行性。实验结果表明,在褶纹冠蚌和背角无齿蚌处理组中,总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度显著增加,而铵氮的浓度显著下降;褶纹冠蚌和背角无齿蚌导致了浮游植物群落组成结构的改变和数量的增加,实验过程中绿藻所占的比例迅速上升。两种蚌之间没有显著的差异,只是在不同的作用强度下,时间上的响应不同。综合实验结果,褶纹冠蚌和背角无齿蚌难以有效地运用于我国华南地区水库的水质改善与富营养化控制。